"Version: 20200701"--Title page verso.Includes bibliographical references.1. Introduction -- 2. The theoretical frameworks -- 2.1. The first-principles method -- 2.2. The generalized tight-binding model and others3. Experimental measurements -- 3.1. LEED and TEM -- 3.2. STM, STS, SP-STM and SP-STS -- 3.3. ARPES and SP-ARPES -- 3.4. SQUID4. Monolayer C-, Si-, Ge-, Sn- and Pb-based materials -- 4…