"Version: 20201101"--Title page verso.Includes bibliographical references.1. History and development of theoretical research -- 2. Basic equations and solution methods -- 2.1. Basic equations -- 2.2. Boundary conditions and methods of solutions -- 2.3. Summary3. Characteristics of EM flowmeters in closed conduits -- 3.1. Concepts and definitions -- 3.2. Effect of the electrode shape on the weig…