Modern hygienic urbanism originated in the airy boulevards, public parks, and sewer system that transformed the Parisian cityscape in the mid-nineteenth century. Yet these well-known developments in public health built on a previous moment of anxiety about the hygiene of modern city dwellers. Amid fears of national decline that accompanied the collapse of the Napoleonic Empire, efforts to moder…
Extreme poverty, which intensified in India during colonial rule, peaked in the 1920s—after decades of imperialist exploitation, famine, and disease—a time when architects, engineers, and city authorities proposed a new type of housing for India's urban poor and industrial workers. As Farhan Karim argues, economic scarcity became a central inspiration for architectural modernism in the subc…
Inspired by the rise of environmental psychology and increasing support for behavioral research after the Second World War, new initiatives at the federal, state, and local levels looked to influence the human psyche through form, or elicit desired behaviors with environmental incentives, implementing what Joy Knoblauch calls "psychological functionalism." Recruited by federal construction and …
Durante la Belle Époque, il “sogno babilonese” dei milionari inglesi (e non solo) era quello di creare in Riviera e in Costa Azzurra delle ville, dette château, circondate da giardini a strapiombo sul mare; questi ultimi, che sostituivano le coltivazioni tradizionali, facevano pensare ai giardini pensili realizzati da Semiramide a Babilonia. Lo Château Grimaldi &e…