"Version: 202112"--Title page verso.Includes bibliographical references.1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental characterizations -- 2.1. STM, TEM, LEED and STS atomic and electronic structures -- 2.2. Reflection and transmission EELS : excitation spectra -- 2.3. ARPES : quasiparticle energy spectra and decay rates -- 2.4. Sensitive measurements and analyses of composite devices3. Theories for elect…